Large fluorescence enhancements (often over 1000-fold) upon binding to nucleic acids, with increases in quantum yields to as high as 0.9.Very low intrinsic fluorescence, with quantum yields usually less than 0.01 when not bound to nucleic acids.High molar absorptivity, with extinction coefficients typically greater than 50,000 cm -1M -1 at visible wavelengths.Molecular Probes nucleic acid–binding cyanine dyes share several important spectroscopic and physical properties: Other nucleic acid stains, including acridine orange, 7-AAD, LDS 751 and hydroxystilbamidine.Minor-groove binders ( Figure 8.1.1), such as DAPI and the Hoechst dyes.Intercalating dyes ( Figure 8.1.1), such as ethidium bromide and propidium iodide.The three classes of classic nucleic acid stains ( Properties of classic nucleic acid stains-Table 8.4) include: Amine-reactive SYBR dye that can be used to form bioconjugates.Cell-permeant SYTO™ family of dyes ( Cell-permeant cyanine nucleic acid stains-Table 8.3).Cell-impermeant TOTO™, TO-PRO™ and SYTOX™ families of dyes ( Cell membrane–impermeant cyanine nucleic acid stains-Table 8.2).Premier dyes for ultrasensitive nucleic acid quantitation and gel staining ( Specialty nucleic acid reagents for molecular biology-Table 8.1).The four classes of Invitrogen™ Molecular Probes™ cyanine dyes include: The sections that follow describe applications of these nucleic acid stains for genomics research. This section discusses the physical properties of the various classes of dyes listed below. We offer an extensive assortment of nucleic acid stains, many of which have been developed in our research laboratories. Chapter 23-Antifades and Other Tools for Fluorescence Applications.Chapter 22-Probes for Membrane Potential.Chapter 21-Indicators for Na+, K+, Cl– and Miscellaneous Ions.Chapter 19-Indicators for Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Other Metal Ions.Chapter 18-Probes for Reactive Oxygen Species, Including Nitric Oxide.Chapter 17-Probes for Signal Transduction.Chapter 16-Probes for Endocytosis, Receptors and Ion Channels.Chapter 15-Assays for Cell Viability, Proliferation and Function.Chapter 14-Fluorescent Tracers of Cell Morphology and Fluid Flow.Chapter 13-Probes for Lipids and Membranes.Chapter 11-Probes for Cytoskeletal Proteins.Chapter 10-Enzyme Substrates and Assays.Chapter 9-Protein Detection and Analysis.Chapter 8-Nucleic Acid Detection and Analysis.Chapter 7-Antibodies, Avidins and Lectins.Chapter 6-Ultrasensitive Detection Technology.Chapter 5-Crosslinking and Photoactivatable Reagents.Chapter 4-Biotin and Hapten Derivatives.Chapter 3-Click Chemistry and other Functional Group Modifications.Chapter 1-Fluorophores and Their Amine-Reactive Derivatives.
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